<p>The Forrest-Marbury House, located at 3350 M Street NW in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., and is not far from the Francis Scott Key Bridge over the Potomac River.</p><br>
<p>It was the site of a March 29, 1791, meeting between President George Washington and local landowners to discuss the federal government&#39;s purchase offer of land needed to build a new capital city for the young United States of America. The meeting was a success, and the land was soon acquired.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Forrest-Marbury house itself dates to 1788 and is one of the District of Columbia&#39;s most historic sites. It was initially home to Uriah Forrest, an early mayor of Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>The houses next owner was real estate investor William Marbury, who occupied it in 1800 while he purchased large tracts in the Districts Anacostia section. Marburys battle with President Thomas Jefferson over President John Adamss federal appointments resulted in the landmark 1803 U. S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, written by Chief Justice John Marshall and decided against Marbury, that first established the right of judicial review of executive and legislative branch acts of government.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in Marburys family throughout most of the nineteenth century. In 1884 it was occupied by the Edward Corbett family of Ohio. It was later used as a residence and a commercial property first as Jacks (owned by Jack Wilner) in the late 40s, then had a run as The Apple Pie nightclub decades later. Then in the late 1970s became Desperados, a rock and roll nightclub into the mid-1980s, before being restored and remodeled in the early 1990s. In 1992 it was offered for lease as part of "Forrest Marbury Court". Since 1992, it has served as the chancery of the Embassy of Ukraine.</p><br>
<p>The house is a townhouse and was built in the federal style.</p><br>
<p>The McDougall–Campbell House is an English Arts and Crafts-Style house in Portland, Oregon, United States. It has elements of the English Cottage style incorporated into the design. The house was designed by architect Josef Jacobberger for Gilbert H. Durham and built in 1910 or earlier.</p><br>
<p>Dominant are characteristics of the Arts and Crafts Movement, including use of natural materials (wood, brick, tile, stone), built-in cabinetry, shingles, a variety of window types, asymmetrical floor plans, multiple steeply pitched gables, an open porch, brick chimneys and rooms with an open flow extending to the exterior.</p><br>
<p>Important are elements of the English Cottage style including the eyebrow dormer, wrought iron work and the jerkinhead or clipped gable that is an architectural feature whose origins trace back to the thatched roof of Medieval England.</p><br>
<p>Landscaping contributes to the setting of the McDougall&ndash;Campbell House. Trees, shrubs, stone steps, lawn areas, walkways, a terracotta tiled patio, and terraces make up the yard, which is informal, overgrown and reminiscent of an English garden. A rock retaining wall runs the length of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Chatsworth Apartments is an apartment building located in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, within the campus of Wayne State University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chatsworth Apartments is a nine-story, L-shaped apartment building, built of reinforced concrete with tan-colored brick and tile. It included an underground parking garage with a sixty-five car capacity – an uncommon feature at the time.</p><br>
<p>The facade of the Chatsworth is divided into three horizontal sections: a heavier base consisting of the first two floors, a center section of floors 3–8, and the capping of the ninth floor. The first two floors are designed with decorative elements, including white stone at the ground level, orangish tiles, balustrades on the second-story windows, and a clearly defined bracketed cornice above the second floor. The main facade includes three strong vertical bays in the main section (floors 3–8) which stand out as columns. Gothic-shaped arches top the ninth-story windows, as well as the second-story windows.</p><br>
<p>Inside, each of floors 3–9 typically contain 10 living units of varying size, with most containing a living room, dining area, kitchen, bedroom, and bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chatsworth was built in 1928 for the realty company T.F. Norris Company from a design by the firm of Pollmar, Ropes & Lundy. The apartment building was constructed at a cost of approximately $560,000 to accommodate the influx of residents into Detroit in the 1920s. The original owner was likely Charles A. Gallarno – he certainly owned the land on which the Chatsworth was built, and owned some nearby apartment buildings, but his ownership of the Chatsworth is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, Bondholders Management Inc. acquired the property. As early as 1951, Wayne State University expressed an interest in purchasing the Chatsworth. The University did acquire it in February 1961. As of 2016, the building is owned by Wayne State University, and is used as housing for undergraduate, graduate, and professional students.</p><br>
<p>The university allows families with children to live in Chatsworth Tower. Residents are zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Zoned schools include DPS Foundation for Early Learners @ Edmonson (K-8), and King High School (9-12).</p><br>
<p>The First Harrison Gray Otis House is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 141 Cambridge Street in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts. The house, built in 1795–96, was the first of three houses designed by Charles Bulfinch and built for Massachusetts politician Harrison Gray Otis. It is notable as one of the earliest three-story brick houses that came to represent the Federal style of architecture, and its interiors show the influence of Robert Adam. The house is now the headquarters of Historic New England, a regional preservation organization, and is open year-round for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is the simplest of the three designed by Bulfinch for Otis. The design is said to be inspired by a William Bingham house that Bulfinch saw in 1789 in Philadelphia, which was in turned derived from a house in London. The house is three stories tall, five bays wide, with elegant string courses. Today&#39;s graceful entrance was added after 1801. Above it is a fine Palladian window, and above that a lunette. The third floor is very short; ceilings are just over 6 feet tall. The floor plan follows a typical central hall plan, with two rooms on either side of the central hallway. The kitchen was in an ell.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1916 by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England) for use as its headquarters. It was originally located about 40 feet forward of its present location, but was moved in the 1920s after it was threatened by the widening of Cambridge Street. The original cellar was lost during this move. The house is now connected to a group of row houses on Lynde Street, which serve as office and program space for Historic New England. The house underwent a careful restoration in 1960, overseen by Abbott Lowell Cummings. It is open year-round for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Gibson-Todd House was the site of the hanging of John Brown, the abolitionist who led a raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia before the opening of the American Civil War. The property is located in Charles Town, West Virginia, and includes a large Victorian style house built in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by John Thomas Gibson, who led the first armed response to Harpers Ferry during Brown&#39;s raid as commander of the Virginia Militia in Jefferson County. Gibson went on to serve as an officer for the Confederacy. After the war he was mayor of Charles Town.</p><br>
<p>Among those present at Browns hanging were Stonewall Jackson, John McCausland, J.E.B. Stuart and John Wilkes Booth. When the old Jefferson County jail was demolished, Gibson saved stones from the building and built a monument to the event on the property. The house post-dates Browns hanging.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Thomas A. Mullett, son of Alfred B. Mullett. Mullett also designed the New Opera House and the new Charles Town jail.</p><br>
<p>Heurich House Museum, also known as the Christian Heurich Mansion or Brewmaster&#39;s Castle, is a Gilded Age mansion in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington D.C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1892–1894 by architect John Granville Meyers for German immigrant and brewer Christian Heurich. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first two floors of the house are preserved and include most of the original furnishings. In 1956, Heurich&#39;s widow deeded the house to the Historical Society of Washington, D.C. In 2003, the Historical Society moved out of the house, putting the house on the open market. Amid rumors of plans to repurpose the house, it was purchased by the Heurich House Foundation and converted into a historic house museum. The museum is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Christian Heurich</h2><br>
<p>Born in 1842 in the village of Haina, near the town of Römhild, Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (in the region of Thuringia), Christian was the third of four children born to Casper and Marguerite (née Fuchs) Heurich. Christian&#39;s father was the local innkeeper, which included being a butcher and brewer. Christian learned the trade from his father and several apprenticeships in his youth. By the time Christian was fourteen, both of his parents had died, leaving him orphaned. He traveled throughout Europe until his older sister, Elizabeth Jacobsen, who was living in Baltimore, Maryland, convinced him to emigrate to the United States, where he would have a better chance of fulfilling his dream of starting his own brewery; he arrived in June 1866, initially joining his sister in Baltimore. In 1872, Christian went into a partnership with a man named Paul Ritter. Together, they leased a brewery from George Schnell at 1219 20th Street, NW Washington, D.C. Within a year, Mr. Schnell had died, and the partnership between the two men had dissolved. In his 1934 autobiography, Aus meinem Leben, Heurich writes that he was the one that did most of the labor of brewing while Schnell entertained customers. Christian married the widow of Mr. Schnell, Amelia Mueller Schnell, on September 9, 1873. In 1884, Amelia died of pneumonia.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Christian married for the second time to Mathilde Daetz. He built their lavish mansion with Mathilde at 1307 New Hampshire Avenue NW. Mathilde worked very closely with the interior designers of the house, The Huber Brothers of New York City. Sadly, due to a miscarriage and a carriage accident, Mathilde died in 1895, leaving Christian a widower again. Christian threw himself into his work, creating an empire in the capital city. In 1894 he opened his new, fireproof brewery, which had a capacity for 500,000 barrels of beer a year. The brewery, which rested on the Potomac River, is now the site of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Christian Heurich Brewing Company was the second largest employer in Washington, D.C., apart from the Federal Government during this time. In 1899, Christian married Amelia Louise Keyser, his first wife&#39;s niece, and namesake. Twenty-nine years her senior, together they had four children, three of whom survived into adulthood: Christian Heurich Jr, Anna Marguerite (who died as an infant), Anita Augusta, and Karla Louise. They had a long marriage together until Christian Heurich, Sr. died in 1945 at 102.</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - front parlor.jpgFront parlor</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - unused fireplace.jpgUnused fireplace in the entryway</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - stairway.jpgMain stairs</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - boudoir.jpgBoudoir</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - boudoir toys.jpgChildren&#39;s toys in the boudoir</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - bathroom.jpgBathroom</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - stairwell for servants.jpgHidden stairwell for household staff</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - beer drinking room.jpgBeer drinking room in the basement</p><br>
<p>Christian Heurich mansion - kitchen.jpgKitchen in basement</p><br>
<p>The Codman–Davis House is a four-story, red brick, 1906, classical revival house in Washington, D.C. at 2145 Decatur Place NW . It was designed by Ogden Codman Jr. for his cousin, Martha Codman of Washington, DC and Newport, Rhode Island. She also commissioned his design of the Codman Carriage House and Stable, built nearby.</p><br>
<p>It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1995 the house served as the residence of the Thai ambassador.</p><br>
<p>The Lyceum–The Circle Historic District is a historic district within the University of Mississippi campus in Oxford, Mississippi. It includes eight buildings and several monuments lining University Circle, and surrounds "The Circle" on the campus. The university was established as the flagship public institution of the state, and generations of leading families&#39; sons and daughters have studied here.</p><br>
<p>The district is also significant for its association with the civil rights movement during the Ole Miss riot of 1962 and the increasing role the Federal government took to preserve constitutional rights of minorities. Ole Miss was integrated by the enrollment of James H. Meredith, an African-American military veteran, on October 1, 1962. In Mississippi in the fall of 1962, there was violent resistance to court-ordered desegregation of the university. The violence required intervention by the Federal government to protect the safety of citizens.</p><br>
<p>Meredith&#39;s admission was followed by riots on the campus, by both white students and outside segregationists who gathered there from around the state. The disturbances took place following court decisions for integration of public educational institutions, during the civil rights movement. This historic district was designated as a USA National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008. (This may not have been announced publicly until October 14.)</p><br>
<h2>Elements of the district</h2><br>
<p>Located at the center of the University of Mississippi campus, the district contains eight academic buildings arranged on University Circle, which encompasses an interior common area dubbed "The Circle," a historic site in the district. The eight buildings include the Lyceum Building, Brevard Hall, the Croft Institute for International Studies (known as the "Y" Building at the time of desegregation and earlier as the "Old Chapel"), and Carrier, Shoemaker, Ventress, Bryant, and Peabody dormitory halls. The district also includes the flagpole in the center of The Circle, the Confederate Monument in The Circle, and University Circle.</p><br>
<h3>Lyceum Building</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the Lyceum (referred to simply as the "principal building" of the university at that time) was begun in the spring of 1846 and was completed in the late summer of 1848, just in time to receive the university&#39;s first class of students. The building was originally the only academic structure of the university, containing a lecture hall, several lecture rooms, the faculty offices, a geological museum, and the university library. It was designed by famed southern architect William Nichols.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Lyceum remains the oldest building on the university campus. It now houses the university&#39;s administrative offices, including the offices of the Chancellor and the Provost. Its columned facade is represented on the official crest of the university.</p><br>
<h3>The Circle</h3><br>
<p>The Circle is surrounded by University Circle, a road designed for one-way traffic. The area contains oak and magnolia trees, beds of pansies, and expanses of grass. A metal flagpole stands at the center of the green, serving as a hub for the sidewalk paths through the area. Since the mid-nineteenth century, The Circle has been the focal point and historic core of the Ole Miss campus.</p><br>
<h3>Flagpole</h3><br>
<p>The flagpole has stood in the center of The Circle since 1962. Its brick base was constructed in 2000. During the famous desegregation riots, a former Ole Miss football player climbed the pole in an effort to attract rioters&#39; attention and convince them to go home.</p><br>
<h3>Confederate Monument</h3><br>
<p>A contextual plaque now stands in the same position where the Confederate Monument stood from 1906 until it was moved on July 14, 2020. The Confederate Monument was moved to the site of a Civil War cemetery in a secluded area of campus.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate Monument contains a sub-column fashioned in the likeness of a castle, inscribed with the following: "To Our Confederate Dead, 1861-1865, Albert Sidney Johnston Chapter 379 U.D.C." (United Daughters of the Confederacy) and a Confederate soldier looking into the distance and holding a rifle at his side. It is often jokingly referred to by the Ole Miss and Oxford communities as the "second place trophy."</p><br>
<h3>University Circle</h3><br>
<p>University Circle is a 50 ft wide roundabout with outlets between the "Y" Building and Bryant Hall, and on either side of the Lyceum, providing access to other parts of the campus.</p><br>
<h3>Brevard Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Old Chemistry Building, now designated as Brevard Hall, was built in 1923. During the desegregation riots on September 30, 1962, students broke into the building and threw Molotov cocktail bombs from its windows at federal and civilian vehicles parked around The Circle.</p><br>
<h3>Carrier Hall</h3><br>
<p>Carrier Hall was one of several buildings which students plundered for riot material in 1962. Branching off from the two-story main section is a rear section connected by two covered passageways. This section also contains two stories and is slightly inset and setback from the main section.</p><br>
<h3>Shoemaker Hall</h3><br>
<p>During the 1962 riots, four-story Shoemaker Hall was under construction. Students took up construction materials, including loose bricks, metal conduit pipes, and a bulldozer to attack federal officers. The dorm hall was the site of one of the two fatalities associated with the riots. Each of the men killed was shot execution style.</p><br>
<h3>Ventress Hall</h3><br>
<p>Two-story Ventress Hall, built in 1889, appears in a famous photo of James Meredith walking in the commencement procession on August 18, 1963.</p><br>
<h3>"Y" Building</h3><br>
<p>The Croft Institute for International Studies, known as the "Y" Building at the time of desegregation and earlier as the Old Chapel, in 1962 harbored many people escaping the tear gas and the general melee. Others crowded into the Y to watch United States President John F. Kennedy&#39;s televised speech regarding the desegregation of Ole Miss.</p><br>
<h3>Bryant Hall</h3><br>
<p>After housing the university&#39;s library from 1911 to 1952, Bryant Hall has been home to the Fine Arts Center and the departments of Philosophy, Religion, and Classics. During the riots, much of the pitched battle was fought in front of the hall.</p><br>
<h3>Peabody Hall</h3><br>
<p>During the riot, Peabody Hall offered people a safe harbor from tear gas. While trapped in the building, faculty member Russell Barrett documented the riot.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Gothic Revival-style Roman Catholic church building located on North Hanover Street in Minster, Ohio, United States. Located in the region of western Ohio known as the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches," the church was built in 1848. In 1874, the building was modified with the construction of twin Gothic spires designed by Anton Goehr.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century, St. Augustine was one of the three mother churches for the Society of the Precious Blood that served the Catholics of the region; it kept this position until the end of the century, and it is the only one of the three yet remaining. While many other churches in the region were built in the middle of the nineteenth century, few remain today, and only St. Augustine and St. John&#39;s to the northeast are yet used as parish churches.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 1979, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the "Cross-Tipped Churches of Ohio" multiple property submission. Today, St. Augustines and St. Josephs Church in nearby Egypt constitute the Minster Cluster of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The church interior is adorned with stained windows depicting Christ and saints.</p><br>
<p>St. Augustine</p><br>
<p>St. Gaspar del Bufalo</p><br>
<p>St. John Bosco</p><br>
<p>St. John the Evangelist</p><br>
<p>St. Rose of Lima</p><br>
<p>Jesus as the Good Shepherd</p><br>
<p>The church ceiling is decorated with frescos depicting the life of Christ and a scene in Heaven.</p><br>
<p>The Trinity and the Communion of Saints</p><br>
<p>Adoration of the shepherds</p><br>
<p>The Annunciation</p><br>
<p>The Agony in the Garden</p><br>
<p>The Crucifixion of Jesus</p><br>
<p>The Entombment of Jesus</p><br>
<p>The Resurrection of Jesus</p><br>
<p>Gap View Farm, near Charles Town, West Virginia, is a historic farm complex built in 1774. The farm was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 9, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>The property gets its name from its view of the gap in the Blue Ridge made by the Potomac River at Harpers Ferry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Walter Baker came to then, Berkeley County, Virginia, in 1770 and began clearing the property. A small limestone house was built by Baker in 1750, on property that was granted to Henry Lloyd by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. The main house of the farm was built by Baker in 1774. At Bakers death in 1820, the property was sold by Bakers widow, Jacobina, to James L. Ranson. When Ranson fell on hard times, he sold it to Parker Strode in 1868. In 1871, the property was acquired by Charles Aglionby, who owned the adjoining Mount Pleasant estate and a portion of Media Farm. Over time the house was expanded in four phases. In 1937, the farm was again sold to a family by the name of Barlett.</p><br>
<p>In 1954, the farm was purchased by World War I veteran Frank Buckles and his wife Audrey (who died in 1999). Their daughter Susannah was born there in 1955, and she returned to live there after her mother&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>On January 9, 1997, the farm and property were placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Gap view is a two-story three-bay brick house, with prominent stepped parapets at the gable ends. As originally built, it was arranged with a side hall plan, that was later changed to a center hall arrangement.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Susannah Mayo Buckles, daughter of Frank Buckles, runs the day-to-day operations of the farm and has made the farm more eco-friendly. In May 2008, volunteers planted over 1,000 trees and shrubs on the farm.</p><br>
<p>Many local agencies have worked to plant trees and shrubs, as well as wetland species of trees and shrubs, along the property&#39;s stream and wetland areas.</p><br>
<p>Ms. Buckles also installed 15,000 feet of fencing as part land retirement program called the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. The fencing separated the farms conservation areas from the farms other residents, 130 head of cattle.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, it was announced that the farm was in the running for the West Virginia Conservation Farmer of the Year, though it is unclear if the farm won. The farm had won Jefferson County Conservation Farmer of the Year in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabeth Female Academy, founded in 1818 in the town of Washington, was the first female educational institution in Mississippi. It was named after Mrs. Elizabeth Roach , who donated the land on which the school was located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The academy received its charter from the State Assembly on February 17, 1819. The school building was said to be "Borrowing a style of architecture from the Spanish of colonial times, the structure was two and a half stories high, the first of brick, the others of frame." John James Audubon taught drawing there in May and June 1822. According to a history of Methodism in Mississippi, "The coming of Mrs. Caroline M. Thayer, in the fall of 1825, was an epoch in the history of the Academy, and her administration marked an era. She was a remarkably accomplished woman, with a genius for administration."</p><br>
<p>According to the Mississippi Historical Society&#39;s Heritage of Mississippi series:</p><br>
<p>The school closed in 1845, due in part to the relocation of the state capital from Natchez to Jackson, the general shift in the center of population, and several epidemics of yellow fever in the area. The Methodists also funded a Vicksburg Female Academy and a Woodville Female Academy. The Vicksburg school seemingly closed before the Elizabeth location. The Elizabeth site was reduced to ruins by a fire around 1879. Part of a brick wall is all that now remains of the Academy buildings.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Academy was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Notable faculty and alumnae</h2><br>
<p>Varina Howell Davis</p><br>
<p>The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home is a historic house museum at 419 7th Street in Augusta, Georgia. Built in 1859, it was a childhood home of Woodrow Wilson , the 28th president of the United States and proponent of the League of Nations. The house is owned and operated by Historic Augusta, Inc., and was designated a National Historic Landmark on October 6, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wilson Boyhood Home is located in downtown Augusta, at the northern corner of Telfair and 7th Streets. It stands adjacent to the Joseph R. Lamar Boyhood Home, which now serves as the visitors center for the house, and diagonally across the street corner from the First Presbyterian Church, for which it served as a manse. It is a two-story brick structure, with a side gable roof, five-bay front facade, and a pair of end chimneys. Located behind the house are a service building and carriage house, built about the same time of the house, also out of load-bearing brick. The main facade has a center entrance, sheltered by a portico supported by paired Tuscan columns. The entry is framed by sidelight windows and topped by a transom window. The interior has been restored to a c. 1860 appearance, and is decorated with period furnishings and Wilson memorabilia. One of the bedroom windows has the name "Tom" etched in it; this is believed to have been made by Wilson, whose first name was Thomas, and he was called "Tom" or "Tommy" as a child.</p><br>
<p>The house was built and occupied by the Wilsons in 1859. Until 1872 it was the home of Dr. Joseph Ruggles Wilson, pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, and his family, which included his son Thomas, born 1856 in Virginia. The younger Wilson spent his formative years here, experiencing the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era that followed. Wilson, later USA president from 1913 to 1921, was profoundly affected by these experiences.</p><br>
<p>The property remained the manse of the church, housing its ministers, until 1929, by which time the building had undergone a number of alterations and modernizing updates, but was in poor condition. After passing through a number of owners and uses, the property was purchased at auction by Historic Augusta in 1991, which then spent 10 years painstakingly restoring it to its 1860 appearance. It was opened as a house museum in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Mountains Battlefield/Where Big Crow Walked Back and Forth was the site of the Battle of Wolf Mountain, the last major combat of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Great Sioux War was about the desire of settlers and prospectors to encroach on the land assured to the Sioux by treaty. Both sides allegedly perpetrated encroachments on or off the reservation. The Battle of Rosebud and the tribal victory at Little Big Horn on June 25, 1876 were in the early part of the war. The ability of the tribes to wage war for an extended time was undermined by their inability to amass food stores to get them through the winter at the same time.</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 1877, soldiers established an encampment to the west of the river on the eastern half of the battlefield. The encampment was backed by tall bluffs. The Battle of Wolf Mountains took place on January 8, 1877. On January 9, a rifle pit was constructed by F Company, Twenty-second infantry at a lookout site atop a rock wall. The rifle pit can still be seen, and is the only contributing structure on the site.</p><br>
<p>Crazy Horse and his Oglala band together with the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors fighting with him had an initial position atop a canyon wall on the east side of the river, and were able to rain rifle fire down upon the soldiers. They were later driven from this position by the soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Both sides suffered some injury and loss of life. The Cheyenne medicine man Big Crow was among those who died here. The battle and the ensuing freezing temperatures and starvation so weakened the tribal coalition, that by May 6, 1877, Crazy Horse and his men surrendered, ending the conflict.</p><br>
<h2>Battlefield preservation</h2><br>
<p>The battlefield is located in the Tongue River Valley, near Birney, Montana. The river runs through a series of deep curves in an overall northeasterly direction. Within the National Historic Landmark, the river runs alternately through flood plains and along towering rock walls. The battlefield runs along the river for around two miles and spans the width of the valley for about two-and-a-half miles. In addition to the river, there are also streams running through the battlefield. In spite of the modern intrusion of two unpaved roads, a series of utility wires and poles, the agricultural use of the area, and growth of trees and vegetation, it retains much of the look and feel it would have had at the time of the battle. Potential archeological exploration may be hindered by the history of searches by relic hunters with metal detectors.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001,</p><br>
<p>The site is potentially threatened by development of coal bed methane production. A Northern Cheyenne Nation report in 2006 stated:</p><br>
<p>"Steve Brady discussed the status of the Rosebud Battlefield State Park. The purpose of holding such an event is to (1) commemorate two battles that do not receive as much attention as the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and to (2) educate people about the potential coal bed methane development on and near the historic and cultural sites of the Rosebud Battlefield and the Battle of Wolf Mountains site. Brady updated the Indian and non-Indian audience of the Rosebud Battlefield’s status in becoming a National Historic Landmark, on the same level as the Little Bighorn Battlefield."</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark by signature of the Secretary of the Interior on October 7, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Saint Andrews Memorial Episcopal Church is a historic church located in Detroit, Michigan. As of 2008, it is used by Wayne State University and referred to as St. Andrews Hall. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Andrew&#39;s parish, founded in 1885, was one of the earliest religious institutions established in what is now the University–Cultural Center section of Detroit. There was some delay in construction, but the church was completed in 1902.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the church burned due to an electrical fire; it was repaired six years later, It served the Episcopalian parish for a number of years until, after World War II, the surrounding population began an exodus to the suburbs. In 1961, the diocese leased the building to Wayne State University for 99 years. The University uses it as a student chapel and a concert hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Andrews displays the straight, vertical and horizontal lines characteristic of Ralph Adams Crams work. The exterior is constructed of Bedford limestone, with Berea sandstone trimmings and minimal decorative stonework. Rows of massive columns grace the nave, and an enormous window is inset behind the altar.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Intermediate School is a school building located at 938 Selden Street in Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as Jefferson Junior High School or Jefferson School. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site on which the Jefferson School sits was purchased by the city of Detroit in 1869, and an elementary school was built on the property in 1873 at a cost of $60,000. In 1915, additional lots to the west were purchased for a playground. However, the old school was considered dilapidated, and in 1922, the city tore it down and began construction of the building now occupying the site.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, the Lodge Freeway was constructed, running directly to the west of the school through what was once the playground. As of 2008, the building has been rehabilitated and served as a public charter school, Experiencia Preparatory Academy, serving grades K–11. Experiencia closed in 2016. As of 2019, the building is being redeveloped into office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jefferson School is a three-story rectangular Tudor Revival school building, finished with brick and limestone, with a flat roof. The front facade has a stone-faced foundation, and is divided into three sections. The center section protrudes slightly, and the two flanking sections make up a nearly symmetrical facade. Each end of the central section projects slightly farther than the main body and protrudes above the roofline, forming a pair of "towers." Between the "towers," the center section is divided into five bays with a continuous stone water table running through them. Each bay has a two-story window sitting on the water table, with a decorative stone transom at the first story level and three windows on the third story. The center section is topped with a stone cornice and brick parapet wall.</p><br>
<p>The two flanking sections are also divided into five bays each. The left hand section has two outer bays which protrude slightly, and an inner bay containing an arched stone entryway which protrudes from the facade. At the second and third story above the entrance are pairs of windows. The outermost bay contains a similar entryway, but is constructed of stone, and with a five sided bay window with a shaped parapet. The right-hand section nearly mirrors the left-hand section, but without the second entrance and bay window. The three central bays in each section contain three-story windows with decorative stone spandrels on the second and third floors.</p><br>
<p>The interior originally contained 53 rooms. Utilities are located in the basement under the main section. The upper three floors of the schools have a similar arrangement, with larger rooms located near the center, a U-shaped hallway, and smaller rooms on either side. The first floor</p><br>
<p>contained an auditorium, as well as a conference room, shop rooms, a science room, and other classrooms. The second floor contained a gymnasium, a teacher&#39;s work room, administrative office, art/design and sewing room, and general classrooms. The third floor contained a library, lunch room, cooking housekeeping, and typewriting rooms, and more general classrooms.</p><br>
<p>Fruit Hill, also known as the Robinson-Andrews-Hoxton House, is a Greek Revival house near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The original two-story stone house on the property was probably built by Henry Cookus circa 1766. This house was built over a watercourse, assuring a reliable supply of water on what was then the frontier. The main Greek Revival house was built in the 1830s by Archibald Robinson, and the house remains in the hands of the family. The interior of the house includes a three-story open staircase.</p><br>
<p>The Methodist Episcopal Church South, also known as the Corvallis United Methodist Church, is a historic Methodist church at the junction of Cemetery Road  and Eastside Highway in Corvallis, Montana. The church, built in 1894, was organized as a congregation of the old Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which in 1939 merged with what is now the United Methodist Church. On November 24, 1997, the church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Azurest South is the home and workplace of Amaza Lee Meredith, one of the nations first black female architects. Located on the campus of Virginia State University, the home is one of the few examples of the Post World War I German style: International Style in Virginia. She shared the home with her partner, Dr. Edna Meade Colson, who served as dean of the Virginia State University School of Education. Meredith founded Virginia State Universitys fine arts department in 1930. When Meredith died, she left half of the propertys interest to the Virginia State University National Alumni Association, and after Colsons death, the association purchased the other half of the estate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Azurest South displays "a fascination with modernity, a familiarity with new materials and construction details, and a love of nature." The building is located in a dell on the eastern edge of campus. The exterior consists of white stucco concrete blocks, while the interior incorporates reds and blues, creating a sense of "playfulness." The kitchen used to feature colored mosaic tiles. They were removed at some point after 1984, but the Virginia State University Alumni Association hopes to restore them.</p><br>
<p>Duffields station is a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station on the National Register of Historic Places, located in the village of Duffields, West Virginia, near Shenandoah Junction. Built in 1839, the depot is the second oldest surviving B&O depot. Only the Ellicott City Station in Ellicott City, Maryland is older. The depot and its environs were a significant focus of activity during the American Civil War, culminating in the "Greenback Raid" of 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Flowing Springs Road the main road where it crosses the railroad tracks, on Melvin Road, which parallels the tracks. The depot is in two parts, a stone -story gable-roofed structure and a -story wood-framed addition. The stone structure is built into a slope in the manner of a bank barn with the main level on the same grade as the road, falling away on the side facing the tracks. The basement has gradually filled with silt, whose surface is within two feet of the bottoms of the first floor joists. This section is two bays wide. An interior chimney serves two fireplaces. The walls are built of local limestone with irregular coursing. The addition extends to the west for two bays, continuing the stone building&#39;s gable roof, but without a basement. The frame section had a porch on the north side that extended part-way into the stone side.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the stone section is mainly intact, though much of the plaster has been lost. The first floor of the stone section appears to have been divided lengthways into two long, narrow rooms, with a finished attic above. The room on the track side has built-in cupboards and pilaster trim. Much of the wood trim remains in this area. The wood section comprises three rooms, two on the track side and one on the road side, with plaster and simple trim. The attic in this section has two rooms with low windows in the kneewalls. The roof has failed in this area and the plaster is extensively damaged.</p><br>
<p>Elsewhere on the property, a shed and an outhouse were built in the 1930s. The outhouse is a standard Works Progress Administration design.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Duffields was a local stop on the B&O line, serving a rural market. The depot was built as a private venture, and was never owned by the railroad, which had its own station on the other side of the tracks from about 1883 to 1942. Richard Duffield was paid $2500 in compensation for the railroads right-of-way through his land. Duffield used the money to build the depot with the railroads blessing, as the railroad preferred to use its capital for the line and to make use of such private depots wherever it could. The depot housed the B&O station master&#39;s living and working quarters.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War the station was the scene of fighting. The depot and its surroundings were guarded by Union forces throughout the war. However, John S. Mosbys 43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry briefly captured the depot on June 29, 1864. On October 14, 1864, Mosbys rangers cut the tracks and derailed a train near Duffields, in what became known as the "Greenback Raid." Mosby took more than $150,000 in Federal cash from the train.</p><br>
<p>The depot property was purchased by Duffield Station, Inc. with a long-term goal of restoration for a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 3, 2007, as the Duffields Depot.</p><br>
<p>Cool Spring Farm, located near Charles Town, West Virginia was first established along Bullskin Run around 1750. The Federal style second house on the property, built in 1813, is extant, with a Greek Revival–influenced third house, built in 1832 that shows the evolution of the farmstead. The farm is significant as an example of agricultural development in the Bullskin Run district and as examples of Greek Revival and Federal style vernacular design.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farm complex is sited to the south of Bullskin Run. The principal buildings are the stone 1813 house, the frame 1832 house, several outbuildings and a remnant of a bank barn, now enclosed with modern construction. The 1832 house is the main house, located on a hill overlooking the stream and the remainder of the complex. The house features rooms on either side of a center stair hall, with a service extension to the rear, now extended with modern construction. The upper level matches the lower level. The clapboarded house is on a limestone foundation, with brick chimneys at either end. The front porch was added in the 1890s. The 1813 stone house is a one-story, four-bay structure built in local limestone, using large stone blocks. The interior presently has two rooms, with traces of greater subdivision in the past. The spring house is from the same era, built in stone. Other buildings date to the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands surrounding Cool Spring Farm were first surveyed in 1734. Joshua Haines, a Quaker from New Jersey, bought a 700 acreportion of the lands in 1750 from Benjamin Borden, Jr. of Augusta, Virginia. In 1752 his brother Abraham bought 314 acre from Joshua. An adjoining 422 acre tract was sold in 1750 to George Washington. The following year a deed of partition adjusted the boundary between the Haines and Washington lands. The property passed to Mary Haines Collett and her husband Daniel, while the Washington property became Bushrod Washington&#39;s Rock Hall estate. The Colletts sold their property i 1812 or 1813 to one or both of the Myers brothers, John and Jacob. At about this time the stone Federal house was built on the property. The land was sold again in 1830 by John and Susannah Myers to Thomas Griggs, Jr., who built the Greek Revival house.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Griggs sold the farm, then 146 acre, to Ambrose Timberlake. The property, unlike many in Jefferson County, was not greatly affected during the American Civil War. In 1869 the farm passed to Adam Young. The Young family kept the property for almost 100 years. By 1925 they had named it Cool Spring Farm. In 1944 the Young family sold the farm to the Blakely Corporation. Three months later the property, now at 124 acre was sold to the Victor Product Corporation. This company was owned by Raymond Funkhouser, whose hobby was buying and restoring properties in the area that had been owned by the Washington family. Funkhouser leased the adjoining Rock Hall farm, which had been Washington property. The property was sold in 1951 and has passed through several hands, with the overall acreage reduced to 68 acre.</p><br>
<p>Cool Spring Farm was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 27, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal is a former railway complex located at 306 West Depot Avenue in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. The complex, which includes a passenger terminal and express depot adjacent to a large railyard, was built in 1903 by the Southern Railway. Both the terminal and depot were designed by noted train station architect Frank Pierce Milburn . In 1985, the terminal complex, along with several dozen warehouses and storefronts in the adjacent Old City and vicinity, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s, the arrival of the railroad&mdash; namely the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad and its predecessor lines&mdash; transformed Knoxville from a small river town of just over 2,000 residents to one of the southeast&#39;s major wholesaling centers. Wholesaling firms built dozens of large warehouses along Jackson Avenue and adjacent streets, where smalltown merchants from across East Tennessee would purchase goods and supplies to resell at rural general stores. which in turn became part of the Norfolk Southern Railway in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal complex and the adjacent railyard lie at the north end of Knoxville&#39;s downtown area, occupying a natural declivity about 15 ft below the adjacent street levels. The tracks run in a southwest-to-northeast direction, roughly parallel to Jackson Avenue on the south and Depot Avenue on the north. The railyard, which consists of eleven parallel tracks at its widest point, stretches from Broadway on the southwest to Central Street on the northeast. Gay Street crosses the railyard via the Gay Street Viaduct.</p><br>
<p>The terminal station and express depot sit on the north side of the tracks, at the intersection of Gay Street and Depot Avenue. Several large early-20th-century warehouses rise between Jackson Avenue and the south side of the tracks, with the buildings&#39; loading docks facing the tracks and storefronts facing Jackson Avenue. The Old City, a neighborhood that developed along with the railroad in the latter half of the 19th century, is concentrated around the intersection of Central Street and Jackson Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early railroad development</h3><br>
<p>Mountain barriers were an impediment to economic development in East Tennessee throughout the first half of the 19th century, and as early as the 1830s, Knoxville&#39;s leaders considered the railroad a solution to this isolation. Among the earliest proposals was the Hiwassee Railroad, conceived by several Athens, Tennessee-based businessmen, which would connect Knoxville with the Charleston and Hamburg line in Dalton, Georgia, and provide a link to the Atlantic Coast. After struggling with finances for nearly a decade, the Hiwassee was rechartered as the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad, and construction began in 1847. The first train rolled into Knoxville on June 22, 1855.</p><br>
<p>What is now the Southern Terminal and railyard was originally a swamp known as the "Flag Pond," which Knoxvillians considered a health threat and long sought to drain. The company built a roundhouse and machine shops where the Southern Terminal complex now stands. By 1858, another rail line, the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, had been completed, connecting Knoxville with Bristol.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the railroad in East Tennessee provided a vital link in the supply line between Confederate forces in Virginia and the Deep South, and thus became a target of Union forces from the war&#39;s earliest days. On November 8, 1861, Unionist guerillas destroyed five railroad bridges across East Tennessee, forcing Confederate authorities to invoke martial law in the region. In June 1863, General William P. Sanders conducted a raid of the Knoxville area in which he destroyed tracks from Knoxville to Lenoir Station, and burned a railroad bridge in Strawberry Plains. In November 1863, Union forces burned the Roundhouse and machine shops to prevent Confederate forces from capturing them.</p><br>
<p>East Tennessee and Georgia president Campbell Wallace, an ardent Confederate, accused the pro-Union Knoxville Whig editor William "Parson" Brownlow of instigating the November 1861 bridge-burning conspiracy, and demanded he be hanged. After the war, when Brownlow was governor of Tennessee, he seized control of the railroad, claiming Wallace had "basely prostituted" the line to the Confederate cause. Ironically, it was an ex-Confederate, Charles McClung McGhee, who formed a syndicate which bought the East Tennessee and Georgia and the East Tennessee and Virginia lines, and merged the two into the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad in 1869.</p><br>
<h3>The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad</h3><br>
<p>The railroads impact on Knoxvilles development was swift. The citys population more than doubled from just over 2,000 in 1850 to over 4,000 in 1860. After the war, the citys wholesaling sector expanded rapidly. By the early 1870s, the Knoxville wholesaling firm, Cowan, McClung and Company, was Tennessee&#39;s most profitable company. The railroad also brought heavy industry to the city, such as the Knoxville Iron Company, Knoxville Woolen Mills, and Brookside Mills. The railroad aided the rise the Tennessee marble industry, with eleven quarries in operation in Knox County alone by 1882.</p><br>
<p>Under the direction of McGhee and New York financier Richard T. Wilson, the ETV&G expanded rapidly. During the 1870s, the company completed lines to Kentucky and through the rugged French Broad valley into North Carolina. It also purchased lines in Georgia and Alabama. By 1890, the ETV&G controlled 2,500 mi of tracks in five states.</p><br>
<h3>The Southern Railway</h3><br>
<p>In 1894, financier J. P. Morgan and several investors purchased the ETV&G and the Richmond and Danville Railroad, and consolidated the two into the Southern Railway. In 1925, Southern built the vast John Sevier railyard east of Knoxville, which is still used today by Norfolk Southern as a classification yard.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, Southern hired architect Frank Pierce Milburn (1868&ndash;1926) to design a series of new train stations across the South, including the new terminal in Knoxville. The new Knoxville terminal opened to the public in 1903 and the similar express depot opened in 1907. On January 20, 1953, the last Southern Railway steam-powered passenger train arrived in Knoxville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>At its height, the Southern Terminal was servicing 26 passenger trains daily. With the rise of automobile and bus travel, however, passenger rail service declined. After World War II, the Southern was operating eight expresses and twelve local lines out of Knoxville.</p><br>
<h3>Named passenger trains</h3><br>
<p>These trains made stops at the terminal, into the late 1960s:</p><br>
<p>Birmingham Special—New York City to Birmingham, and branch to Memphis</p><br>
<p>Carolina Special—Cincinnati to Goldsboro on northern section, and to Charleston on northern section</p><br>
<p>Pelican—New York to New Orleans</p><br>
<p>Tennessean—Washington to Memphis</p><br>
<p>By 1956, the local lines had been eliminated, and most of the expresses were eliminated by the late 1960s. By August, 1969 only the Birmingham Special remained serving the station. That train was the last regularly scheduled passenger train at the terminal on August 12, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Terminal and Warehouse Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for its late-19th- and early-20th-century commercial architecture and its role in Knoxvilles railroad-based commerce and wholesaling industry. The district includes the Southern Terminal complex, all of West Jackson Avenue, the 100 blocks of East Jackson, North and South Central, and South Gay, parts of State Street and Vine Avenue, and the former White Lily plant on Depot. Several buildings in the district, namely Sullivans Saloon (100 E. Jackson) and the warehouse buildings at 121-123, 122-124, 125-127, and 129-131 West Jackson, were previously listed on the Register in the 1970s as the Jackson Avenue Warehouse District.</p><br>
<p>There were originally 75 contributing buildings and structures in the Southern Terminal district,</p><br>
<h3>Southern Passenger Terminal and Express Depot</h3><br>
<p>The passenger terminal station and express depot, both designed in the same vernacular style with Classical Revival influence, were completed in 1903 and 1907, respectively, and are notable for their signature corbel-stepped gabled roofs. The terminal building is two-and-a-half stories, with the lower level originally containing the dining rooms, baggage check, express and mail rooms, and the upper level originally housing the ticketing and waiting rooms. A bridge connects the upper level with Depot Avenue. The building originally included a clock tower, which was removed in 1945, apparently due to structural problems.</p><br>
<p>The express depot consists of a -story central section flanked by two 1-story wings. The design of the central section matches the design of the adjacent passenger terminal building. Part of the depot&#39;s east wing has been removed to create an open courtyard. The main terminal building is now used for office space while the express depot is used as a meeting venue by a local caterer.</p><br>
<h3>Patrick Sullivan&#39;s Saloon</h3><br>
<p>Sullivans Saloon (100 E. Jackson) is a two-story Romanesque Revival building with Queen Anne elements constructed by saloonkeeper Patrick Sullivan (1841&ndash;1925) in 1888. Sullivan, who immigrated from Ireland with his parents in the 1850s, established his saloon in what is now the Old City just after the Civil War. The saloon initially operated out of a wooden building before being replaced by the current elaborate brick structure. The building housed a saloon until 1907, when it was forced to close due to citywide Prohibition. The saloon was home to Patrick Sullivans Steakhouse and Saloon from 1988 to 2011. The building has been called the "best extant example of a downtown saloon in the southeastern United States." The building was sold early in 2014 and as of August 2014 was undergoing a significant exterior and interior renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>200 East Jackson, a two-story Vernacular Commercial warehouse building, constructed circa 1910.</p><br>
<p>121-123 West Jackson, sometimes called the Carhart Building, a -story brick warehouse building with a Romanesque Revival facade, built around 1900. The Carhart Building was designed by the Knoxville architectural firm, Baumann Brothers, and is named for H.B. Carhart and Company, a grocery wholesaler established in 1877. 121 West Jackson is currently home to Crush, a shop that specializes in retro rock fashion.</p><br>
<p>120-122 West Jackson, a five-story vernacular brick warehouse building constructed circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>124 West Jackson, a five-story brick warehouse building with Romanesque Revival facade constructed circa 1900. This building may have originally been occupied by Powers, Little and Company, a clothing wholesaler established in 1892.</p><br>
<p>125 West Jackson, a 3.5-story brick building with a Classical Revival facade, constructed circa 1890. During the 1890s, this building was occupied by two wholesale grocers, Hazen and Lotspeich, and Knaffl and Locke, the latter cofounded by Rudolph Knaffl, a brother of photographer Joseph Knaffl. Its current tenants include Remedy Coffee.</p><br>
<p>JFG Flats (200 West Jackson), a six-story concrete building constructed in 1920, and used for several decades by the JFG Coffee Company. The company&#39;s large neon sign still stands atop the building, which now houses residential flats.</p><br>
<p>203 West Jackson, a one-story, 20-bay brick freight depot originally constructed circa 1870. In the late 1990s, this building was extensively renovated by its current occupant, Heuristic Workshop.</p><br>
<p>McClung Warehouses (501-525 West Jackson), built for the wholesale firm, C.M. McClung and Company. The buildings at 517-521 were constructed between 1893 and 1927. Several of the warehouse buildings burned in 2007. Another two alarm blaze engulfed additional portions of the McClung Warehouses on 1 February 2014 and the City of Knoxville was forced to demolish one of the remaining structures.</p><br>
<p>The Emporium Building (102-106 South Gay), a three-story Renaissance Revival warehouse constructed in 1898 by the Sterchi Brothers Company, a regional furniture wholesaler.</p><br>
<p>Sterchi Lofts (114-116 South Gay), a ten-story warehouse and office building constructed in 1925 and designed by architect R. F. Graf. The building was used as a warehouse until the late 20th century by the furniture company, Sterchi Brothers, and now houses downtown residential lofts.</p><br>
<p>Commerce Building (120-126 South Gay), a four-story Italianate building constructed in the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>White Lily Foods Company building (106 Depot), a four-story brick factory originally constructed in 1885 and experienced routine expansions. White Lily operated out of this building until 2008. The building has been converted into loft apartments that first opened in February 2015.</p><br>
<p>The 100 blocks of North and South Central contain nearly two dozen commercial buildings constructed circa 1880&mdash;1925, ranging from one to three stories. These buildings were once part of a vice-ridden section of Knoxville known as "The Bowery," which once stretched along Central from the tracks to the river. Most of these buildings were renovated in the 1980s and 1990s, and the neighborhood was renamed the "Old City."</p><br>
<p>St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church is in the Forest Park neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1974 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rise of Detroit brought a number of Polish immigrants into the city in the 19th century; by the mid-1850s, the number of Polish families who had settled in the city was significant. These Polish immigrants were primarily from the Prussian-controlled sections of the partitioned Poland, and naturally settled in and near the German-speaking sections of Detroit. They were joined, after the American Civil War, by Kashubian immigrants from what is now northwestern Poland. Many of these Poles and Kashubians first attended St. Joseph&#39;s, which was at the time a German-speaking church. However, the Polish congregants were dissatisfied, and agitated for a Polish church.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, aided by Father Simon Wieczorek, the Poles took steps to organize their own parish. That same year, the parish purchased a plot of land, 100 feet wide and 270 feet deep, on the western side of St. Aubin Avenue and what is now East Canfield Street. They hired architect John Wiesenhoffèr, and construction of a frame church began in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The church was dedicated to St. Wojciech; early pastors borrowed the erroneous Latin equivalent Adalbertus, which is St. Albertus or St. Albert in English. The establishment of St. Albertus led to an influx of Poles into the immediate neighborhood in order to be close to the church. This influx resulted in Detroit&#39;s first Polish neighborhood, known among Detroiters as "Poletown".</p><br>
<p>St. Albertus went through four pastors until, in 1882, the charismatic Father was appointed to the post. Appealing to his parishioners&#39; national pride, he urged the construction of a larger church. The parish contracted architect Henry Engelbert to design a church to seat 2500 people, and the Spitzely Brothers of Detroit to build it for a cost of $61,000. Construction began in 1883, and the church was dedicated on July 4, 1885. At the time, St. Albertus was the largest Catholic church in Michigan, and was the first in the City of Detroit to feature steam heat and electrical lighting.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, Kolasinski was a very controversial priest, and in November 1885 the parish became factionalized which resulted in his suspension. Kolasinski initially refused to leave his post, appealing his suspension to the bishop. However, pressure was brought to bear, and Kolasinski eventually left Detroit for a pastorate in the Dakota Territory.</p><br>
<p>Kolasinski&#39;s followers, however, remained estranged from the other St. Albertus congregants, and established their own church school. When John Samuel Foley became Bishop of Detroit in 1888, Kolasinski returned to the city and established the Parish of the Sweetest Heart of Mary outside the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese. Although subsequent years in the parish have been less tumultuous, St. Albertus is the mother church of more than 30 Polish Catholic churches, including Sweetest Heart of Mary, St. Josaphat, and St. Stanislaus.</p><br>
<p>A rectory building was constructed adjacent to the church in 1891 and a school was built immediately behind the church in 1917, replacing two earlier school buildings. The parish was closed in 1990 as part of a reorganization by the Archdiocese of Detroit. The church still hosts monthly Masses in Polish, English, and Latin, and is open for tours and weddings.</p><br>
<p>Rev. John A. Lemke, who was born in Detroit on February 10, 1866, as the son of Prussian-Polish immigrants, was the first native-born Roman Catholic priest of Polish descent to be ordained in the United States. He was baptized at nearby St. Mary&#39;s Church and attended St. Albertus for his primary education.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. Albertus is a brick building 200 ft long and 70 ft wide, with a spire originally 280 ft tall. The original spire was shortened after being damaged in a windstorm on Good Friday of 1913.</p><br>
<p>Contrasting with the plain brick of the exterior, the interior of St. Albertus has an ornate Medieval flair. The altars, baptismal font, and the wainscot are made of patterned terra-cotta. The ceiling is ornately painted. Sixty-three pieces of painted plaster sculpture are within the church, and the windows are decorated with Medieval-style stained glass.</p><br>
<p>Cold Spring is a house near Shepherdstown, West Virginia, childhood home to two United States Representatives. The house was built by Edward Lucas III and his son, Robert in 1793.</p><br>
<p>Several of Robert and Sarah Rion Lucas&#39; children were notable. Edward Lucas V served as a lieutenant in the War of 1812, then was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1819, 130 and 1831. From 1833 to 1837 he was a US Congressman. Following his political career he was the superintendent of the Harpers Ferry Armory.</p><br>
<p>William Lucas became a lawyer. In 1838 he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and in 1839 he was elected to Congress. In 1836 he built Rion Hall near Halltown, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>A third brother, Robert, inherited Cold Spring, leaving it to his nephew, Daniel Bedinger Lucas in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story house is built over a raised basement in coursed rough stone masonry. The double-pile center-hall plan is five bays wide. The upstairs hall is wider at the stairs than at the front or downstairs, allowing the hall to take up less of the plan that it would if the hall was as wide as the stairs. The basement kitchen has its own entrance. A stone porch and stairs were added in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing, and Improvement Company Building in Ranson, Jefferson County, West Virginia is a Romanesque Revival building that now serves as Ranson&#39;s City Hall. It was built for the Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing and Improvement Company  in 1891 as its headquarters. The CMM&I sought to develop industry in the area that in 1910 became the City of Ranson. The company was formed in 1890 by Roger Preston Chew, Frank Beck, Forrest W. Brown, T.C. Green, W.F. Lippitt, A.W. McDonald and B. C. Washington, with Chew as president. Using 850 acre of land purchased from the Ranson family, a planned community was laid out by D.G. Howell, a Washington, D.C. landscape architect and civil engineer. In 1891 the 3½ story headquarters was built, designed by J.C. Holmes.</p><br>
<p>By 1893 the CMM&I was facing hard times, possibly as a result of the Panic of 1893, and the headquarters was sold to the Board of Education of Charles Town, and served as the white Charles Town High School from 1893 to 1912. The school was sometimes known as both the "Keyhole School,” due to its distinctive entrance, and as the Wright Denny School. In 1917 the Board of Education sold the school to former mayor Gerard D. Moore, and upon his death the property went to H.C. Getzendanner for $4500. Part of the building was used as a confectionery and the north half became the Ranson Post Office. In 1936 the City of Ranson bought the building for $3000 as its City Hall, although apartments occupied the upper floors until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The George I. Briggs House, locally referred to as the Briggs-McDermott House, is located along Sandwich Road in Bourne, Massachusetts, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981, and currently serves as historic house museum operated by the Bourne Society for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Originally built around 1802 by Josephus Keene, the house was significantly expanded and renovated in the Greek Revival style in the 1830s by Briggs, who married Keenes granddaughter Thirza. He was later instrumental in the creation of the town of Bourne from Sandwich in 1884, serving as one of the new towns selectmen. Later he would serve on the school and library commissions, and chairman of the Barnstable County Commission.</p><br>
<p>He was a friend of USA President Grover Cleveland, who sometimes vacationed in the area. The shop of a local blacksmith who shod Cleveland&#39;s horses has been moved to the house property as well. The interior of the house has an 1890 ceiling mural painted by local artist Charles Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>After his death, it passed to Mercy Briggs McDermott and her husband William. They later sold it to the school district. In the 1970s the town worked to restore it, and in 1998 moved the blacksmith shop to the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The Bower is an 1806 residence, originally built in the Federal style in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. It was later remodeled with Gothic Revival features after a fire in 1892. The name appeared as early as 1753 when Major General Adam Stephen had a hunting lodge at this location.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A land grant from Lord Fairfax, General Stephen lived at "Bower Lodge" from 1753 to 1772, when he moved to his residence in Martinsburg, Virginia, a town he founded. The Bower was given to his daughter Ann Stephen and her husband Alexander Spottswood Dandridge, whose first cousin was Martha Dandridge Custis Washington. The property passed to Stephen&#39;s only grandchild, Adam Stephen Dandridge I, in 1791. Dandridge built the main house in 1806. In 1833, The Bower passed to Adam Stephen Dandridge II.</p><br>
<p>Novelist John Pendleton Kennedy visited The Bower in 1832, and based his novel Swallow Barn on his views of the estate.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, J. E. B. Stuart set up a headquarters at The Bower at Adam Stephen Dandridge II&#39;s invitation. His staff included Generals Wade Hampton and Fitzhugh Lee, as well as staff officer Heros von Borcke from September 28, 1862, to October 10, 1862. A horse bred at The Bower was given as a gift to General Robert E. Lee to use when his primary mount, "Traveller", needed a rest. That horse was the well known "Lucy Long".</p><br>
<p>Danske Bedinger Dandridge, the wife of Adam Stephen Dandridge III, lived at The Bower for a time before moving to Rose Brake. Her poetry appeared in The Century and Harpers.</p><br>
<p>Some sources state their daughter, artist Violet Dandridge was born at The Bower.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the house became a summer home for Bishop Edmund Pendleton Dandridge, Episcopal Bishop of Tennessee. The property remains in the same family today.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bower was built in brick with a center hall plan. An unusually large house for its time and place, it featured 12 ft ceilings. A fire in the late 19th century destroyed the interior, and the house was rebuilt with Gothic Revival features and expanded.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe County Courthouse is located in Woodsfield, Ohio and is one of few courthouses located in a town square. It is the fourth courthouse building on this site, with two of the previous ones destroyed in fires. The present building is of red brick with yellow brick quoins, pillars and pediments, which are said to represent the colors of fall in the surrounding countryside. The main entrance is reached by a small flight of stairs between Ionic columns and a pediment of fine arched stone.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has one of ten largest clocks in the world, which can be seen from miles away. Its four faces were installed in 1908 by Howard Clock Company of New York. The cost of the clock was $2,775.</p><br>
<p>The dome of the courthouse was once a bright copper plating, but was removed due to public dissatisfaction.</p><br>
<p>The present courthouse is still used for judicial purposes, housing both criminal and civil proceedings as well as probate and juvenile matters.</p><br>
<p>Boidstones Place, also called Greenbrakes and Fountain Rock, was built in 1766 by Thomas Boydston near Shepherdstown, West Virginia on land he was granted by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. In a dispute with Fairfax and Joist Hite over lands he had acquired along the Terrapin Neck on the Potomac River, Boydston lost most of his lands, which were acquired by Abraham Shepherd. The property formed a portion of the Shepherd&#39;s holdings along Shepherd Grade, which were primarily devoted breeding race horses. Some of the property was annexed to the adjoining Wild Goose property, owned by R.D. Shepherd, who had a racetrack there. In 1851 R.D. Shepherd gave Boidstones to his nephew and namesake R. D. Shepherd, Jr. who built the main Greek Revival section of the house. The property was sold out of the Shepherd family in 1886, but was returned to the Shepherds in 1916 for use as a summer place.</p><br>
<p>The original house at Boidstone Place is, with the Peter Burr House, the oldest framed building in West Virginia. The 1850s Greek Revival wing is also of wood-frame construction. Another addition was made in the 1920s, in the Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Other structures on the farm include a log cabin (c. 1850), a log cottage (c. 1850s, altered in 1938), a tenant house (c. 1890), a springhouse (1850s), a garage (1920s), the main barn (c. 1850), a machine shed (c. 1910), a spray shed (c. 1920) and a bull shed (c. 1910) as well as a cemetery for slaves, active from c. 1776 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>A large spring on the property became known as Stillhouse Spring, where Boydston produced whiskey which was shipped down the river from a dock.</p><br>
<p>The B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing is a 15 acre historic site where a set of railroad bridges, originally built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, span the Potomac River between Sandy Hook, Maryland and Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 14, 1978, for its significance in commerce, engineering, industry, invention, and transportation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Harper&#39;s Ferry operated from 1733 until it was replaced by a timber covered road bridge in about 1824 at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1836–1837, the B&O&#39;s first crossing over the Potomac was an 830 ft covered wood truss. In 1837 the Winchester and Potomac Railroad reached Harpers Ferry from the south, and Latrobe joined it to the B&O line using a "Y" span.</p><br>
<p>John Brown used the B&O bridge at the beginning of his failed attempt to start a slave insurrection in Virginia and further south.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was destroyed during the Civil War and replaced temporarily with a pontoon bridge.</p><br>
<p>The two crossings today, which are on different alignments, are from the late 19th century and early 20th century. A steel Pratt truss and plate girder bridge was built in 1894 to carry the B&O Valley Line (now the CSX Shenandoah Subdivision) toward Winchester, Virginia, along the Shenandoah River. This was complemented in 1930–1931 with a deck plate girder bridge that carried the B&O Main Line (now the CSX Cumberland Subdivision) to Martinsburg, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>A rail tunnel, known as the Harpers Ferry Tunnel, was built at the same time as the 1894 bridge to carry the Valley Line through the Maryland Heights, eliminating a sharp curve. In the 1930s the western portal was widened during the construction of the second bridge to allow the broadest possible curve across the river.</p><br>
<h3>Accident</h3><br>
<p>On December 21, 2019, a CSX freight train derailed on the bridge, sending several cars into the river. There were no injuries and the bridge was later reopened.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Colline is an historic eight-unit apartment building on Wilshire Boulevard in the Westwood section of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>History and characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architect Percy Parke Lewis, Chateau Colline was built in 1935. Its leaded-glass windows, turrets, and climbing vines give it the appearance of a castle. The building also has large wood-burning fireplaces with handcrafted mantels, bakelite intercoms, vaulted ceilings and outside nooks for milk bottles.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, the owner applied for a permit to demolish the building to build a six-story condominium project in its place. With support from the Los Angeles Conservancy, tenants organized an effort to declare the building an historic monument in order to prevent its demolition. The owner claimed the rent-controlled building had become a financial drain and needed new plumbing and electrical systems. Los Angeles City Councilman Jack Weiss supported the effort to declare the building a historic landmark, calling it a "unique, vital piece of Holmby Hills and Westwood history." The City Council eventually voted 14 to 0 to declare the building a landmark.</p><br>
<p>Chateau Colline was recognized as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (LAHCM #703) by the city Cultural Heritage Commission in 2001 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Scripps Memorial Marine Biological Laboratory, known as the Old Scripps Building, is a historic research facility on the campus of the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, California. Built in 1909-10, it is the oldest oceanographic research building in continuous use in the United States and the historic center of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. It is also architecturally significant as a work of Modernist architect Irving J. Gill and for its early use of reinforced concrete. It now houses Scripps administrative offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Scripps Building overlooks the Pacific coast near the Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier on the campus of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. It is set on a terrace about 15 ft above the shore, and is a relatively nondescript concrete structure, two stories in height, measuring about 50 x, with the long axis oriented roughly east–west. Windows are set by pairs in recessed bays, giving the surrounding concrete the appearance of structural piers. The interior plan has a wide central hall on each level, with areas on either side historically used for a variety of purposes. A lecture hall at the western end of the second floor once afforded views to the ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Scripps Institution of Oceanography was founded in 1903 as the Marine Biological Association. It operated a laboratory in the Hotel del Coronado&#39;s boathouse at Glorietta Bight until 1905 when it moved to the "little Green Laboratory" at La Jolla Cove. In 1907, the association purchased a 170 acre site, Pueblo Lot 1298, with financial support from E. W. Scripps and his half-sister Ellen Browning Scripps. The large tract of land, formerly owned by the City of San Diego, provided space for future expansion and isolation from the inevitable growth of La Jolla. Ellen Browning Scripps gave a substantial endowment that made possible the construction of the George H. Scripps Laboratory, or the Old Scripps Building, in 1909-10.</p><br>
<p>The Old Scripps Building was designed by Irving J. Gill, a San Diego–based architect who was a proponent of Modernist architecture. It is an early example of reinforced concrete construction techniques.</p><br>
<p>In its early years, the building housed laboratories, offices, and also the residence of the institutions director. For a number of decades it was used entirely for laboratories and research, and was vacated in 1977 after new facilities were built nearby. The university proposed its demolition, in part because the building did not meet modern seismic codes. Local preservationists banded together to raise funds for the buildings restoration, including the reversal of alterations that interfered with the architect&#39;s original vision.</p><br>
<p>Mary Andrews Clark Memorial Home is a four-story, 76,000 ft&sup2; "French Revival Chateauesque" brick structure in the Westlake neighborhood of Los Angeles near downtown. It was built in 1913 as a YWCA home for young working women.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by William A. Clark (1839–1925), the copper magnate after whom Clark County, Nevada, was named, as a memorial to his mother Mary Andrews Clark (1814–1904). The home was operated by the YWCA from 1913 to 1987, when it was closed as a result of damage sustained in the Whittier Narrows earthquake. The building reopened in 1995 as housing for low income single workers. The building has been designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and dedication</h2><br>
<p>The Mary Andrews Clark Home was built by former USA Senator and Montana copper magnate William A. Clark, "as a perpetual memorial" to his mother, who died in Los Angeles. a short distance west of Downtown Los Angeles. Clark said the structure to be built on the site would be a home for young women who work for a living, "where they can live in delight and comfort at a price which every woman can afford." It was "four stories and basement. 190 x 132 feet, built around a court.... exterior facing of pressed brick and roof of tile or slate. In addition to the parlors, assembly room, dining room, library, etc., there will be 130 living rooms, each of which will have lavatory and toilet.... cost $150,000."</p><br>
<p>On seeing the architectural plans for the new home, the Los Angeles Times reported: "The home, beautiful architecturally and ideal in its conception, will rank as one of the finest in the country." The building, described at the time as a French chateau type building, was dedicated in February 1913 "as a memorial not only to his own mother but as a shrine where thousands of young women in the coming years may worship the memory of their good mothers."</p><br>
<p>The building, designed by Arthur Burnett Benton (1858–1927), with many gables, cupolas, turrets and balconies, was turned over to the YWCA, having been built and furnished at a total cost of $500,000. Not less than 3,000 persons visited the home for the first public reception in May 1913, and the Los Angeles Times described the building, lawns and rose garden as a "Visitors&#39; Mecca."</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a home for young working women</h2><br>
<p>The home&#39;s first annual report was issued in February 1914. It noted that the average price paid for board was $5.05 a week, which included a room, two meals a day (three on Sundays and holidays), and free use of laundry and sewing machines.</p><br>
<p>By 1923, more than 200 "girls" were on the waiting list for entrance into the home. In 1926, the Times described the Clark Home as a haven for "the great influx of feminine workers" into the booming Los Angeles metropolis:</p><br>
<p>It could accommodate 200 in its beautiful old gray stone French chateau which in appearance suggests anything else but a home for working girls. In fact, its immaculately kept lawns, wide verandas and inviting lawn-tennis court seem more in line with the advantages that are usually associated with the residence of a family of wealth and position than the home of girls who find it necessary to work for a living.</p><br>
<p>Even in 1938 it was described as "one of the show places of the city."</p><br>
<p>The home&#39;s popularity continued in the years after World War II. In 1948, the home housed women between 18 and 30 years old in either single or double rooms, each room was equipped with a lavatory, and with tubs and showers located on each floor. Residents were permitted at that time to have the company of male friends in small sitting rooms or the game room, with one staff member noting that the place "literally swarms with young men" on the weekends. If a resident took advantage of this freedom, she was "taught through counseling that she must do nothing to disturb the other inmates or to give Clark Residence a bad name in the community."</p><br>
<h2>Lawsuit by Clark heirs</h2><br>
<p>In 1954, heirs of Senator Clark sued the YWCA over its alleged violation of the terms of the agreement under which the home was deeded to the YWCA. The suit alleged that the YWCA had improperly depleted the homes trust fund, terminated Clarks niece as chairman of the home&#39;s management committee, and adopted new by-laws under which it assumed the right to appoint a chairman of the management committee. The suit also expressed concern that the national YWCA had allegedly been infiltrated by communists and its board had balked at signing loyalty oaths "declaring their loyalty to this nation." The suit was settled in 1955, with the YWCA assuming full control of the home and the old management committee acknowledging that its term of office had expired.</p><br>
<h2>Operation from 1960s through 1980s</h2><br>
<p>Even as social rules loosened in the 1960s and 1970s, the Clark Home continued to operate under strict rules for its residents. In 1963, the Los Angeles Times reported: "Clark girls today live much as the first Clark residents did – in private rooms, taking their meals in a well-appointed dining room (slacks and curlers are not permitted at dinner) and twice weekly they dine by candlelight."</p><br>
<p>All ages of women were living at Clark Residence and the home otherwise continued to operate under strict rules: no alcohol on the premises; no men upstairs; and no wearing shorts in the recreation room. House director, Mildred Arnold, said the rule on male visitors was strictly enforced: "One violation and a girl would be out. They know the rules." A Los Angeles Times reporter noted that the upper floors had been made "nearly impregnable", and the building director was reluctant even to allow a Times photographer to take pictures of a room. Despite the strict rules, residents enjoyed the added security provided by the home, with staff patrolling the home during the day and a watchman at the door through the night. Residents were also attracted by the low rent and amenities; residents in 1982 paid about $280 per month for a private room, including two meals a day and weekly maid and linen service.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and conversion to low-income housing</h2><br>
<p>The home was operated by the Y.W.C.A. until 1987, In 1990, the YWCA sold the building for $3 million to the Los Angeles Community Design Center, a nonprofit group, and Crescent Bay Co., a Santa Monica developer. In order to preserve the building&#39;s original materials, woodwork, tiles and other materials "were marked, removed for restoration, then puzzled back together." The total cost of the renovation was $16 million in combined public and private funds.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Clark Home was recognized as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #158) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1976, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Use as shooting location</h2><br>
<p>The house has been used as a shooting location for many television and motion picture productions, including "Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years" (1977), "Winds of War" (1983), "Whiz Kids" (1983), "The Twilight Zone" (1985), "Twins" (1988), "The Rocketeer" (1991), "Mr. Saturday Night" (1992), “American Pie 2” (2001), "Raise Your Voice" (2004), Teen Wolf (2014), iZombie (2015), The Cable Guy (1996), Ouija (2014), Annabelle (2017) and Brooklyn Nine Nine (2018).</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett is a Chesapeake Bay oyster buy-boat built for Andrew A. Crockett of Tangier, Virginia, in 1925. She is located at Georgetown, Maryland, USA. She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett was built specifically to operate as a buy-boat, making the rounds of the Chesapeake Bay oyster beds to buy oysters directly from the harvesters, typically sail-powered skipjacks or oyster tongers. This allowed the oyster dredges to remain on the beds, avoiding the need to return to port when full. Buy-boats typically gave a lower price than a dockside sale, but most oystermen considered this a fair trade for not losing time on a run back to the dock. She is considered one of the best-preserved examples of this type of vessel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett is a wooden, plank-on-frame freightboat, documented measuring 61.6 ft long, 20.33 ft on the beam and 6.42 ft in draft (18.8 m × 6.20 m × 1.96 m). She measures 52 tons gross and 35 tons net. Her wide beam and moderate draft were useful in her business of buying, loading and transporting oysters in the shallow waters of the Chesapeake Bay. The hull is built using wood frames made from the natural crooks of tree limbs and roots. It is planked with 3.5 in pine. The deck planking is laid fore-and-aft over deck beams on hanging knees. A partially watertight bulkhead is located in the forecastle.</p><br>
<p>Power is presently provided by a Detroit Diesel 871, dating to 1971 or 1972, fueled from two 150 usgal boilerplate steel tanks. A 90 usgal water tank is also fitted.</p><br>
<p>The center of the deck is dominated by a large hold opening, 25 by, surrounded by a coaming. The 12 in mast lies just ahead of the hatch, rising 41 ft. A 1956 quarter and a 1951 nickel were found under the mast, indicating that it was replaced or re-stepped in the 1950s, with a traditional coin placed underneath at the time. The mast has two cargo-handling booms attached at its base. The focsle hatch is forward of the mainmast, measuring 4.6 ft long and 3.2 ft wide (1.4 m × 0.98 m). A low railing runs from the focsle hatch to the stern, with two rails, one above the other.</p><br>
<p>The pilot house is rectangular with a rounded front, 20.42 ft long and 8.42 ft wide (6.22 m × 2.57 m). It is covered with vertical tongue-and-groove sheathing. The pilot house is divided into three compartments, each formerly divided from the others by doors, now missing. The wheel room occupies the front compartment, housing the rope-and-pulley-operated wheel, with five windows on the front, two on either side, and doors on either side. A heater stands at the rear. A flush deck hatch gives access to the engine compartment. The next compartment behind the wheel room, and a little lower, is the bunk room, 6.5 ft long, with three bunks on the port side and a shower on the starboard side, replacing the original head. There is a porthole for the upper bunk. Behind the bunkroom lies the kitchen, 4 ft long, with a window on each side and a door aft. At the fore, in the foc&#39;sle compartment, two more bunks are provided.</p><br>
<p>The Crockett is substantially the same as she was built. Apart from the installation of a radar unit two deck manholes were added, a bulkhead was removed in the engine room, and a stove may have been removed from the focsle. The hold was not used during the Ward familys tenure, as it was considered too smelly. Oysters were stored on deck in baskets, as many as 2200 bushels at a time, with ten to twelve tons of granite ballast below.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Nellie Crockett was built in 1925 by Charles A. Dana at Crisfield, Maryland for Andrew A. "Shad" Crockett of Tangier, Virginia. She was named for one of Crocketts daughters. Until 1942 she was operated by Crockett, carrying oysters in season and produce and lumber in the off season. In 1942 she was purchased by the USA War Shipping Administration for $6,000 as a fireboat in ports along the Chesapeake. Designated CG-65015F, she served until 1945, when Crockett bought her back for $10. Crockett sold a half share in Crockett to William Smith and a quarter share to Charles M. Crockett for a total of $750 in 1946. Her original 45 hp engine was replaced with a 60 hp engine. On Christmas Eve 1947, Priscilla Crocket was given Andrew Crocketts share for one dollar. She was sold in 1950 to Gus Forbush, who changed the engine to a 165 hp model. She was then sold to Gilbert Ashley, who moved her to Baltimore, but then sold her in 1952 to J. Harry Porter and Harry B. Porter of Baltimore, who moved her back to Crisfield. In 1957, the Porters sold her to James H. Ward, Sr. and William H. Ward of Reedville, Virginia. William sold his share to James in 1966. James Ward operated Crockett as a buy-boat until his death in 1986. Family members continued to operate her until 1990. She was then bought by Theodore L. Parish of Georgetown. and buy-boat reunions as recently as 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Larkin House is a historic house at 464 Calle Principal in Monterey, California. Built in 1835 by Thomas O. Larkin, it is claimed to be the first two-story house in all of California, with a design combining Spanish Colonial building methods with New England architectural features to create the popular Monterey Colonial style of architecture. The Larkin House is both a National and a California Historical Landmark, and is a featured property of Monterey State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Larkin House is located in the historic center of Monterey, California, at the southwest corner of Calle Principal and Jefferson Street. It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with walls of adobe and a low-pitch hip roof. Three of its four sides are covered by a two-story wood-frame flat-roof veranda. The post-and-beam framing is exposed in the interior, where there is also a fireplace and chimney.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally part of a large piece of property at Calle Principal in Monterey. It shares a parcel of land with the Sherman Quarters. In William T. Shermans memoirs, he described the house as "the adobe back of Larkins. The entrance is located in the gardens of the Larkin House."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1832 Thomas O. Larkin, a native of Massachusetts, joined his half-brother John B. R. Cooper in business in California. Larkin became the most influential American in Monterey, then the capital of Alta California. He served as the only United States consul to Mexico in Monterey. Larkin sought to build a house more typical of his native New England, but local sawmills were unable to supply him with sufficient redwood for the purpose.</p><br>
<p>Larkin compromised by building a typical New England frame, but then finished its walls in whitewashed adobe. The construction using a wooden frame and mud bricks resulted in a leaner, sturdier adobe building than traditional adobe structures made primarily from mud and straw. The greater stability of Monterey buildingscompared to single-story adobesallowed for a large second-story and long covered porch. The covered second story porch also protected the adobe façade and walls of the house from water damage.</p><br>
<p>By adapting an east coast building form to available California materials, adobe and redwood, and to California architectural preferences, Larkin created a style that synthesized elements of two very different cultures, that of the Spanish and Mexican colonists and of the Americans moving into California.</p><br>
<p>The framing made it possible to significantly enlarge the window openings over traditional Spanish Colonial architecture, and the style of this house rapidly spread across California. The house is believed to be the first two-story house in California, and the first to have a chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Larkin House was designated as a California Historical Landmark in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Salyersville National Bank is a small community bank in Magoffin County, Kentucky. The bank originally operated out of offices located at the junction of Maple and North Church streets in Salyersville. Still in existence, this building is used by Salyersville Renaissance, a Main Street Program.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Salyersville National bank was chartered a national bank in 1902 by George Carpenter.</p><br>
<p>Salyersville Bank building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Guernsey County Courthouse is located on USA Route 40 in Cambridge, Ohio. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Guernsey County was formed in 1810 and the county constructed its courthouse on Public Square in Cambridge. The courthouse was a Greek Revival style building with red brick facade. Two large double doors were located at the north and south ends and long rectangular windows with dark shutters lined the sides. A large spire stood eighty-seven feet tall with a cupola capped by a weathervane shaped like a fish. This courthouse lasted for seventy more years.</p><br>
<p>Need for a second courthouse became apparent as the county grew in population. The city of Cambridge contracted Joseph W. Yost to design and build the new courthouse. Yost designed the courthouse in the popular Second Empire style. During this time, Old Washington petitioned to be granted the county seat claiming that they were more central. This petition failed and the foundation to the second courthouse was laid in 1881, with the cornerstone bearing the date August 4, 1881. The building was dedicated on 1883-09-11.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The exterior is of fine sandstone block with a hipped roof and mansard-roofed towers. Stairs lead to main entrance and is covered by a small balcony. A statue of Justice stands in the broken pediment on the southern face, below the statue is a fan shaped stone bearing the date 1881. A central tower rises from the center of the building and houses a four faced clock and consists of louvered arch openings.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is surrounded by various memorials to soldiers from the county in the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and Operation Desert Storm. The most prominent is the Civil War Monument.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison County Courthouse in Cadiz, Ohio, United States, was constructed during 1893 to 1895 by Joseph W. Yost. The courthouse mirrors others of his design, with large arched windows and a central clock tower domed and topped with a statue of Justice. The porches to the entrances are covered with a balcony. The building&#39;s corners are partially separate structures topped with mansard roofs, while post and lintel structures, topped with pediments, are placed on each side of the corner structures. The entire exterior is constructed of stone.</p><br>
<p>After the building was constructed, a mechanic&#39;s lien was filed by the Greer family to prevent the county from taking possession of the property. The issue was finally resolved and the county officials moved in. Like other courthouses, the Harrison County courthouse fell into disrepair. In 1993, the courthouse saw renovations of the premises, including an elevator, replacement of the roof, dome, and stairs, as well as other much needed repairs.</p><br>
<p>The St. Clairsville Historic District is located in downtown St. Clairsville, Ohio, United States. The historic district contains buildings built during the Victorian era. The Belmont County Courthouse, St. Clairsville Municipal Building, and the Clarendon Hotel are some of the most notable buildings in the district. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 1994-03-17.</p><br>
<p>The Antietam Avenue Bridge was located where Antietam Avenue passed over the Dequindre Cut  in Detroit, Michigan. It has been demolished due to structural deficiencies and will be reconstructed. The original bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1920s, there were over 400 industries operating on Detroits east side. However, the combination of the citys haphazard streetplan, the expansion of large factories, and the substantial network of rail tracks conspired to slow traffic within the city, particularly in the east-west direction. In 1923, the city of Detroit and Grand Trunk Western Railroad began a plan to build 22 grade separations; both parties agreed to share the cost.</p><br>
<p>One of the tracks to be regraded was the line paralleling St. Aubin. These tracks ran from the northwest, where they connected with a network of other lines, to the southeast, where the tracks turned to parallel the river and supplied a number of large factories, including the Detroit-Michigan Stove Plant, the United States Rubber Company Plant, and the Parke-Davis Laboratories. The tracks terminated at the Brush Street Depot in downtown Detroit.</p><br>
<p>By March 1930, sixteen of the crossings of what now is known as the "Dequindre Cut" were finished, including the nearby Chestnut Street Bridge. The bridge at Antietam Avenue was completed soon thereafter. In 1964, the Antietam Avenue Bridge and the Chestnut Street Bridge were teamed as a one-way pair. and ownership changed hands.</p><br>
<p>As of 2008, the Dequindre Cut is being turned into a rail trail.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Dequindre Cut is in good condition, and the course of the Cut and how it relates to the street grid is apparent from the Antietam Avenue bridge. The bridge is good evidence of the grade separation effort early in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>However, as of 2008, the bridge has been demolished due to structural deficiencies and will be reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>The Chestnut Street Bridge is located where Chestnut Street passes over the Dequindre Cut  in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the 1920s, there were over 400 industries operating on Detroits east side. However, the combination of the citys haphazard street plan, the expansion of large factories, and the substantial network of rail tracks conspired to slow traffic within the city, particularly in the east-west direction. In 1923, the city of Detroit and Grand Trunk railroad began a plan to build 22 grade separations; both parties agreed to share the cost.</p><br>
<p>One of the tracks to be regraded was the line paralleling St. Aubin. These tracks ran from the northwest, where they connected with a network of other lines, to the southeast, where the tracks turned to parallel the river and supplied a number of large factories, including the Detroit-Michigan Stove Plant, the United States Rubber Company Plant, and the Parke-Davis Laboratories. The tracks terminated at the Brush Street Depot in downtown Detroit.</p><br>
<p>By March 1930, 16 of the crossings of what now is known as the "Dequindre Cut" were finished, including the Chestnut Street bridge. and ownership changed hands.</p><br>
<p>As of 2008, the Dequindre Cut is being turned into a rail trail.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Chestnut Street Bridge spans the Dequindre Cut, and is constructed of two steel-stringer spans 31 feet in length sitting on concrete abutments and a concrete-post pier. The stringers are encased in concrete and support a 50.3-foot-wide concrete deck covered with asphalt to make a 30 foot wide roadway. The parapets railings are solid concrete with eight recessed panels arranged in pairs between five concrete posts. A wooden pole luminaire is located at each end of the sidewalk.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Dequindre Cut is in good condition, and the course of the Cut and how it relates to the street grid is apparent from the Antietam Avenue Bridge. The bridge is good evidence of the grade separation effort early in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Barleywood is a farm in Jefferson County, West Virginia, on land once owned by Samuel Washington, brother of George Washington. The farm is close to Samuel&#39;s manor house, Harewood, from which the Barleywood property was subdivided in 1841. The Barleywood house was built in 1842, as well as several outbuildings which survive. The house sat vacant from the 1960s to the late 2010s and during that time it suffered from vandalism. It is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Washington family acquired extensive holdings in Jefferson County, Virginia during the 1770s. Samuel Washington&#39;s Harewood estate comprised 3,800 acre, which were subsequently subdivided by his heirs into at least six smaller estates: Barleywood, Cedar Lawn, Locust Hill, Megwillie, Richwood Hall and Sulgrave. The farms initially produced tobacco with slave labor, but later shifted to grain production. George Steptoe Washington inherited Harewood from his father in 1781, but died in 1809 at the age of 37. His son, William Temple Washington received the portion containing Barleywood by subdivision as the Harewood property was shared among the heirs. Further subdivisions ensued, and William finally sold the future Harewood property to his daughter Millicent and her husband, Robert G. McPherson. The house was built about 1842. The household in 1850 consisted of Robert and Millicent, their four children, two servant girls, and ten slaves.</p><br>
<p>The McPhersons sold Barleywood to Humphrey Keyes in 1853 for $12,203. At the same time Keyes bought William T. Washington&#39;s adjoining Megwillie estate, whose house had burned. During the American Civil War, Barleywood and surrounding estates were the scene of skirmishes, particularly in August 1864. After the death of Keyes in 1875 and his wife Jane in 1879, the farm passed to their daughters, who never lived there, renting them to tenants. The tenant house was built about 1900 to house farm workers, and the granary was built at about the same time. Unlike many nearby farms, the Barleywood estate was not converted to orchard use. Susan Keyes Ambler died in 1925, and the farm passed to her children. Parcels of the farm were sold off by her heirs in 1952 and 1956. The house was not occupied after the 1960s. By 2006 much of the land was developed for residential use, and in 2019 the manor was lovingly restored.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 1842 house is a two-story, three bay brick structure with Greek Revival elements and a side hall double-parlor plan. A subsidiary two-story service wing is attached to the east side, set back from the front. Several porches were once present, but have been lost to deterioration and vandalism, as has some of the interior plaster and woodwork. The stair and entrance hall runs the depth of the east side, with two parlors to the west, separated by large doors. A door behind the stairs leads to the service wing. The second floor follows the same plan, with a small room added in front of the stairs. A single attic room is finished with plaster. There is a stone basement. The service wing has a kitchen in the cellar, with single rooms on the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings include a cistern, located next to the kitchen, and a smokehouse, both dated to 1842. Ruins of an 1840s barn are located to the northwest of the house. A pumphouse and a granary date to 1900. Close to the main road, a two-story wood frame tenant house exists, though extensively damaged by fire.</p><br>
<p>Barleywood was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Beall-Air, also known as the Colonel Lewis William Washington House, is a two-story stuccoed brick house in classical revival style near Halltown, West Virginia. It was the home of Colonel Lewis William Washington, great-great nephew of President George Washington and hostage in John Brown&#39;s raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The original house, now the rear portion of the house, is believed to have been built by Thomas Beall prior to 1800. Beall&#39;s daughter Elizabeth married George Corbin Washington in 1807. George Corbin was the grandson of Augustine Washington, half-brother of George Washington. The present front of the house was added in 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main (1820) portion of the house is a two-story stucco-faced brick structure on a stone foundation. The corners of the three-bay house are thickened by pilasters, with a similar frieze-like thickening extending horizontally above the second floor windows. The front, or south elevation has a small portico with a flat roof and four Ionic columns. The front door has sidelights and an overlight, echoed by the second floor window immediately above the portico. The east and west ends have stepped gables with central chimneys and the "shadow" of a porch. A small 2½ story structure to the north of the main house connects to the main house with a two-story link. This structure has a gabled roof with dormers and is also stuccoed. Its windows are late 18th century in detail.</p><br>
<h2>The Harpers Ferry Raid</h2><br>
<p>Lewis William inherited several relics of George Washington, including a sword allegedly given by Frederick the Great to Washington and a pair of pistols given by Lafayette. John Cook, who served as John Browns advance party at Harpers Ferry, befriended Washington and noted the relics, as well as the slave population at Beall-Air. Brown was fascinated with the Washington relics. During Browns raid on Harpers Ferry a detachment from his force led by Cook seized the sword and pistols along with Washington at Beall-Air, taking along three of Washingtons slaves. The hostages were taken to Harpers Ferry by way of the Allstadt House and Ordinary, where more hostages were taken. All survived their captivity, and Washington identified Brown to the Marine rescue party. During the assault on John Browns Fort, a saber thrust by Marine Lieutenant Green at Brown was allegedly deflected by the belt buckle securing the Washington sword.</p><br>
<p>Aspen Hill is a farmhouse, built about 1840 near Charles Town, Virginia , by James G. Hurst, a middle-tier farmer and landowner, who sought to build a residence befitting his rising status. The house occupies a middle ground between the grand mansions of the landed gentry and the more humble dwellings of more modest farmers. The house lacks some of the details and craftsmanship present in more substantial houses.</p><br>
<p>The Allstadt House and Ordinary was built about 1790 on land owned by the Lee family near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, including Phillip Ludwell Lee, Richard Bland Lee and Henry Lee III. The house at the crossroads was sold to the Jacob Allstadt family of Berks County, Pennsylvania in 1811. Allstadt operated an ordinary  in the house, and a tollgate on the Harpers Ferry-Charles Town Turnpike, while he resided farther down the road in a stone house. The house was enlarged by the Allstadts c. 1830. The house remained in the family until the death of John Thomas Allstadt in 1923, the last survivor of John Brown&#39;s Raid.</p><br>
<p>The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was purchased by the American Battlefield Trust, which in 2019 donated it to the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park.</p><br>
<h2>John Brown&#39;s raid</h2><br>
<p>The houses chief historic significance came in 1859, when John Brown launched his raid on Harpers Ferry. Brown ordered a detachment of his forces under John Cook to go to Beall-Air and take hostage the owner, Colonel Lewis Washington, and free his slaves. On their return to Harpers Ferry with Washington, the party stopped at Allstadts and took Allstadt and his son John Thomas, and freed seven slaves. All survived the siege, and the slaves were later re-enslaved. Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise and others who were pro-slavery claimed that these "contented" slaves were forced to leave their owners, and returned to them as soon as they could. To avoid whipping or execution, the slaves all said the same thing: they had been forcibly taken by Brown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The property comprises a small complex of buildings. The main Allstadt House (c. 1790) is a two-story L-shaped structure with a central brick chimney, built of nogging; stuccoed brick between timber uprights. The present structure was expanded from a -story house c. 1830. The original interior comprises only two rooms on the ground floor, each with Georgian period mantels. The upstairs portion comprises two rooms and a hall., with one fireplace. Windows are 6-over-6 double-hung sashes. A one-story kitchen was originally a separate building, now attached by a connecting room, probably at the time the second floor was added. A porch was added on the east side c. 1930, since removed.</p><br>
<p>A separate two-story stone building was built c. 1830, with a two-tiered porch on the south side leading to two rooms on each level. The attic is a finished, plastered room, accessible by a ladder.</p><br>
<p>A nearby stone bank barn also dates to the 1830 period. The barn was used as a stable for the taverns customers. The barns overhang is supported by unusual chamfered stone piers.</p><br>
<p>The Allstadt Cemetery is also nearby, serving as the central burial place for the extended family. Graves span the period 1821 to 1880, including the grave of five Russell family infants who may have died of diphtheria.</p><br>
<p>Rockland, also known as Verdier Plantation, Schley Farm and Knode House, was built by James Verdier between 1771 and 1785 near Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Verdier was a Huguenot, the son of a French silk weaver, who married Lady Susanna Monei and came to North America to escape religious persecution. In America he became a tanner, with tanneries in Martinsburg, West Virginia, Sharpsburg, Maryland and Shepherdstown. His children founded Verdiersville, Virginia after his death. The older portion of the house is stone masonry. A brick Victorian style addition was built in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Built largely of limestone, the two-story, five-bay center hall house has sandstone accents. A basement kitchen is accessed by a door in the gable end. The interior was remodeled with Greek Revival detailing in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The University of Minnesota Armory is a building on the University of Minnesota campus in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Armory was constructed in 1896 after the previous space for military training on the campus burnt in a fire in 1894. The facility served as the primary home for the Minnesota Golden Gophers mens basketball team as well as the University of Minnesota Marching Band after its construction. The basketball team moved to the Kenwood Armory in Downtown Minneapolis in 1925 while the band moved to the newly completed Music Education Building in 1922. Fielding H. Yost, Michigan Wolverines football coach, forgot the Little Brown Jug, one of the oldest college football traveling trophies, in the locker rooms of the Armory in 1903. The Armory was also the facility used for the University of Minnesota physical education department until 1935. The schools football team played some of their early games on the open field next to the Armory.</p><br>
<p>It is a contributing property in the University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District, a historic district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Currently, it is used as the classrooms and office space of the Universitys three ROTC units, and offices for the Universitys program for High School students, with the gymnasium being available for campus activities.</p><br>
<p>Outside the Armory building, there is a nine foot tall statue of a soldier on a seven-ton, six-foot-high Vermont granite pedestal. It is called "Iron Mike" and a memorial plaque underneath reads: "erected in honor of the students of the University who served their country in the war with Spain, 1898-99.” Sculptor Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson designed the statue, which was commissioned and paid for by a committee that had originally been formed to send Christmas gifts to student soldiers in the 13th Minnesota Regiment, who were stationed in Manila. Professor Arthur E. Haynes, who chaired this committee, suggested doing something more than just sending gifts. He donated the first ten dollars and led the fundraising and process of designing the statue. It was unveiled in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium was a tuberculosis sanatorium established in Saranac Lake, New York in 1885 by Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau. After Trudeaus death in 1915, the institutions name was changed to the Trudeau Sanatorium, following changes in conventional usage. It was listed under the latter name on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Trudeau was born in 1848 in New York City to a family of physicians. During his late teens, his elder brother James contracted tuberculosis and Edward nursed him until his death three months later. At twenty, he enrolled in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University (then Columbia College), completing his medical training in 1871. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1873. Following conventional thinking of the times, he went to live in the Adirondack Mountains, seeking a change of climate. He spent as much time as possible in the open and subsequently regained his health. In 1876 he moved to Saranac Lake and established a small medical practice.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, Trudeau read about Prussian Dr. Hermann Brehmers success treating tuberculosis with the "rest cure" in cold, clear mountain air. Following this example, Trudeau founded the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium in February, 1885. The first patients were two sisters who had been factory workers in New York City. They were treated in a one-room cottage named "Little Red", built for $350 on land donated by the guides and residents of the village. As the sanitorium grew, it would be supported at first by wealthy sportsmen that Trudeau had met at nearby Paul Smiths Hotel, several of whom had built great camps on the nearby St. Regis Lakes. Early contributors included John W. Minturn, Anson Phelps Stokes, and Whitelaw Reid.</p><br>
<h2>Patients</h2><br>
<p>Patients included authors Allan Seager, Canadian physician and medical innovator Norman Bethune, and baseball players Larry Doyle and Christy Mathewson.</p><br>
<p>Dramatist Rose Franken spent the first ten months of her marriage to Sigmund Franken there in 1913–1914; Sigmund needed treatment.</p><br>
<p>Novelist Walker Percy spent several years at the sanitarium in the early 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>While the sanitarium did not offer its services free-of-charge, it treated poorer patients at less than cost, and fund-raising was a constant concern. Many physicians and staff members served without pay, and in later years Trudeau commented that he had never been able to pay his staff adequately. Like Trudeau himself, a number of physicians and nurses were themselves infected with tuberculosis.</p><br>
<p>The sanitarium also developed a school for nursing, and later the Trudeau School of Tuberculosis, which offered six-week summer courses for physicians who wished to learn the latest treatment methods for the disease.</p><br>
<p>In time, far more patients would be drawn to the area than the Sanitarium could handle. Many patients were treated in the small, often family-run, cure cottages that developed in the area to meet the demand. Large sanitoria were built at Ray Brook and Gabriels, and in 1927, the Will Rogers Hospital, the last of the institutional sanatoria, was built in Saranac Lake; it is now an assisted living facility, Saranac Village at Will Rogers.</p><br>
<h2>Closing</h2><br>
<p>The Trudeau Sanatorium closed in 1954, after the discovery of effective antibiotic treatments for tuberculosis. The property was sold by Trudeau&#39;s grandson, Dr. Francis B. Trudeau Jr., to the American Management Association in 1957. The proceeds were invested in a new medical research facility, the Trudeau Institute, built on Lower Saranac Lake, which opened in 1964; subsequently Little Red and the Trudeau statue were moved to the new site as memorials. A number of the sanatorium buildings have been torn down, and many more have been badly renovated, but a substantial number are still intact. They are not generally open to the public, but tours are offered by Historic Saranac Lake, a local nonprofit, historic preservation organization.</p><br>
<p>The Mountaineer Hotel is an historic hotel located in Williamson, West Virginia, USA. Situated at the corner of East Second Avenue and Court Street with the main entrance located on East Second Avenue, the one hundred sixteen room hotel is in the center of the downtown commercial district.</p><br>
<p>The Classical Revival building was built in 1925 and added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1923, in response to the rapid population and business growth in Williamson, the Williamson Chamber of Commerce sponsored an executive committee to raise funds for a new local hotel. Shares of stock for a new hotel were sold to 1,400 stockholders, who were mostly local residents, and $493,000 was raised. Four lots were purchased for $90,000 in the central commercial district and, in 1925, the community hotel was constructed. The Charleston, West Virginia, architectural firm of Meanor & Handloser designed the building, and the construction of the hotel was done by Payne Construction of Ashland, Kentucky, at a final cost of $600,000. In a naming contest held by the Chamber of Commerce, the name "Mountaineer Hotel" was chosen with a $100 prize going to the winner.</p><br>
<h3>Events</h3><br>
<p>The Mountaineer Hotels location in the town center made it a key part of the Williamsons cultural history. Over the years, community events ranged from political rallies and civic club meetings to weddings and reunions.</p><br>
<p>When dignitaries such as President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, entrepreneurs such as Henry Ford and celebrities such as Loretta Lynn and Hank Williams came to the area, they stayed at the Mountaineer Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The square Classical Revival building is five stories tall. All around the building at the street level there are large bay openings where various retail shops are located. The exterior is framed with yellow glazed brick.</p><br>
<p>The street level and mezzanine stories are accentuated by a stringcourse at the cornice line, with the cornice line accentuated by angled bricks to give a dentil effect. Around the windows at the mezzanine level are false arch brick work in a keystone and centered diamond pattern.</p><br>
<p>The roof&#39;s cornice line has brick corbeling. Below the corbeling is a row of bricks extended slightly from the facade with bricks in a diamond design intermittently interrupting the row pattern.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance leads to a large lobby and the front desk with pigeonhole boxes for room keys and a teller window. French doors lead to the ballroom. The hotel has 116 rooms for guests, a formal ballroom, a lobby restaurant and sports bar.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Allemong House  is located near Summit Point, West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1830 in the Georgian style with Greek Revival detailing. The house was owned by Amos Janney from 1848 to 1868. During the American Civil War, it is believed that Union soldiers wintered in the area to the north of the house, digging four wells, of which one survives. A local belief describes the nearby community of Jamestown as the former slave quarters of the Allemong property.</p><br>
<p>The house is located on property that is now part of Summit Point Motorsports Park. Some renovation appears to have been done, for example, central air conditioning units are visible outside the house.</p><br>
<p>The Shepherdstown Historic District comprises the historic core of Shepherdstown, West Virginia. The town is the oldest in West Virginia, founded in 1762 as Mecklenburg. No structures are known to exist from the time before the town became known as Shepherdstown. The historic district is concentrated along German Street, the main street, with 386 contributing resources and 69 non-contributing elements. The chief representative period is the late 18th century, with many Federal style brick houses. German Street is also furnished with 19th-century "street furniture" such as metal fences, mounting blocks, wooden pumps and mature trees.</p><br>
<p>The town has a significant place in American history. James Rumsey made a public demonstration of a steamboat in 1787 on the nearby Potomac River. Shepherdstown was proposed as the National Capital in 1790, losing to Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown, Maryland, at the tidal headwaters of the Potomac. During the Civil War, Shepherdstown was in a pivotal position, with Confederate forces burning the covered bridge over the Potomac in 1861, then using nearby Pack Horse Ford to and from the Battle of Antietam. The entire town became a field hospital following this action. Later, Union troops occupied the town to preserve the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad link to the west.</p><br>
<p>Some of the more significant elements are:</p><br>
<p>Baker House, a Federal style brick house with a Roman Revival porch, dating to the 1790s. It was the home of US Representative John Baker.</p><br>
<p>The Great Western Hotel, owned by Jacob Entler. Originally a log structure, it was extensively modified in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Presbyterian Manse, a brick Federal style or Classical Revival house, home of John Kearsley, a prominent local landowner.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Rectory, a Federal style house that was a home of John Baker, as well as US Representative Thomas Van Swearingen.</p><br>
<p>The Lane House, a Federal style house once owned by Harriet Lane, niece and hostess for President James Buchanan.</p><br>
<p>The Sheetz House, a Federal style house where muskets were manufactured during the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The Old Market House, the town&#39;s former market built in 1800, with stepped gable ends. A second story was added in 1845 by the Odd Fellows with a 999-year lease. The first floor has been a public library since 1922.</p><br>
<p>McMurran Hall, a yellow brick Greek Revival building in the Corinthian order, which served as the Jefferson County Courthouse immediately after the American Civil War. It was later the first building used by Shepherd College.</p><br>
<p>The Entler Hotel, a thirty-two room complex, which is itself on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Shepherd District Free School, a public school on the campus of Shepherd University, built in 1868.</p><br>
<p>The Chapline-Shenton House, built in 1793 on the site of the original Sheetz gunnery, and bought in 1818 by Captain William Delyea, stepson of General William Darke. Congressman Van Swearingen lived in the house during the winter. During the Civil War the house was used as a hospital following the battle of Antietam.</p><br>
<p>The Weltzheimer Tavern, which housed the Potowmac Guardian and Berkeley Advertiser in 1790, the first newspaper published in West Virginia. The newspaper was operated by Nathaniel Willis, grandfather of Nathaniel Parker Willis and a participant in the Boston Tea Party. In 1808 the building became known as Weltzheimer&#39;s Tavern.</p><br>
<p>Shepherd&#39;s Grist Mill, itself listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Billmyer House, a Federal style house that served as an inn, and home of Col. John F. Hamtramck, a figure in the Mexican–American War.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was expanded in 1987 to include properties from the late 19th century, including the Register Building, the Opera House and the Jefferson Security Bank. The expansion also includes Elmwood Cemetery, with a large number of Civil War graves. Outer portions of the expanded district include American Foursquare and bungalow styles of housing. The older portions of the Shepherd University campus are also included.</p><br>
